Antiquity. Al-Biruni

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In Bagdad and Damascus observatories have been created. Using difficult tools, astronomers have managed to calculate approximately the sizes of globe, have described position of visible stars in the sky.

The Outstanding Khorezm scientist-Encyclopaedist was al-Biruni (972 or 973-1048). Capital compositions of Biruni are the considerable contribution to mathematics, astronomy, physics, botany, geography, the general geology, mineralogy, ethnography, history and chronology. In the ' ' Biruni gives to Chronology of the ancient people the detailed description of calendar systems of Arabs, Persians, Jews, Greeks, horezmijtsev, etc. Biruni the first has acquainted the Indian scientists with the Greek works on the mathematician and astronomy. In ' to the Book about a finding of chords in a circle ' a number of original mathematical methods and proofs is developed. Biruni for the first time on Middle East has expressed opinion on possibility of movement of the Earth round the Sun, that is about heliocentric system of the world, and has defined length of a circle of the Earth, having measured a corner of fall of horizon from top of one of mountains of India.

In the composition ' Rules of a finding of relative densities of minerals ' it results a number of the numerical data rather close to modern definitions. Its measurements of relative densities of minerals represent the digital constants of minerals received as a result of exact experiments first in the history of mineralogy. The extensive knowledge of mineralogy of Biruni has stated in classical work for a medieval Arabian science - ' to the Book of reports for knowledge of jewelry '. Here detailed data more than about fifty minerals, ores, metals, alloys, and also about enamel, glass, faience and so forth

Europeans have apprehended from Arabs many valuable scientific knowledge, including, not only figures, but also knowledge on astronomy, including names of many stars. Cartography art, compass and globe use has been borrowed Arabs. Works of the Arabian mathematicians and astronomers served as a management for scientists of medieval Europe. Work of Avitsenny on the medicine, translated on Latin, up to XVII century was the reference book of the European doctors.