Antiquity. Archimedes

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In III century BC in the Ancient Greece of veins the ingenious scientist, surprisingly talented inventor Archimedes (287-212 BC), the largest mathematician and the physicist of an antiquity. The name of this scientist has forever become history of mathematics and physicists, became object of numerous legends and till today does not descend from pages of manuals, scientific works and works of art. Archimedes not only the author of works on the mathematician and the physicist, but frequently and the hero of stories and novels. It for the millenia has outstripped an epoch in which it could live and work. Archimedes has reached so amazing results that only after its reasonings such scientists, as Newton and Lejbnits could apprehend 19 centuries.

Archimedes Creative activity has coincided with the period when technics development has put set of new problems before mathematics. The hydraulic engineering, a military technology, sea transport, astronomy, a geodesy, cartography and the physics, in particular two its sections - mechanics and optics, because of rather close connection with geometry have demanded from scientists of the decision of various questions and realisation of exact measurements. Therefore there is nothing surprising that Archimedes scientific achievements could not be limited to theoretical reasonings, but should meet requirements of a life and technics.

Archimedes Works have not received so a wide circulation as ' the Beginnings ' Evklida, basically because have been written by difficult, inaccessible language.

Archimedes as if considered as the largest achievement the proof of the theorem developed by it, concerning parities of volume of a sphere to volume of the cylinder described on it as 2: 3. Therefore he ostensibly asked the friends to place a sphere entered in the cylinder on its tomb. Besides, Archimedes has received brilliant results in the decision of a traditional problem of a quadrature of a circle. In particular, he has established following parities:

1) the circle area is equal to the area of a rectangular triangle with the legs of a triangle equal to length of a circle and radius of a circle;

2) the circle area so concerns the area of the square described on it, as 11: 14;

3) the relation of length of a circle to its diameter is less 3 1/7 and more 3 10/71 that is 3 1/7>> 3 10/71.

The Decision of the listed problems does not settle Archimedes creativity, and represents only a small part of its works. It is necessary to mention, for example, Archimedes work ' the Beginnings ', devoted to a statement of bases of arithmetics, or about its work about the polyhedrons limited to polygons (for example, isosceles triangles and pentagons). It is necessary to recollect, perhaps, also Archimedes such works, as ' the Book of support ' and ' levers ', testifying to interest which was shown by Archimedes to mechanics. In these books the theory of the centres of gravity of ph.